Example: Zambia¶
This section should be updated
Following input values are used for simulating Micro Grids in Zambia:
Demand profile: Profile provided by RLI (min, median, max)
Weather data: from https://www.renewables.ninja/, country profile of Zambia, land area weighted, MERRA-2
Cost data¶
General¶
According to NREL, 2018, p. 22:
'price_fuel': 4.4 USD/gallon
'combustion_value_fuel': 10 kWh/gallon
Wacc according to Parameter.xlsx from Sarah::
'wacc': 12 %
Differing to discount factor of 10% mentioned in NREL, 2018, p. 22.
PV system¶
According to Parameters.xlsx from Sarah::
'pv_lifetime': 20, # not implemented
According to NREL, 2018, p. 22::
CAPEX: 800-1200 USD/kWp (DC)
Storage¶
According to Parameters.xlsx from Sarah::
'storage_lifetime': 10, # not implemented
Differs from NREL, 2018, p.22 with lifetime of 7 years and roundtrip efficiency of 80%.
Generators¶
According to NREL, 2018, p. 22::
CAPEX: 400 USD/kW
OPEC: 25 USD/kW/a
Var: 0.023 USD/kWh
According to Parameters.xlsx from Sarah::
'genset_lifetime': 10,
Differing: NREL, 2018, p. 22 mentioned minimal loading of 30%.
Other NOT IMPLEMENTED Components (NREL)¶
According to NREL, 2018, p. 22
Charge controller::
lifetime: 20 a
CAPEX: 200-400 USD/kW-DC
Inverter::
lifetime: 10 a
CAPEX: 400-800 USD/kW-DC
Auxiliary (wiring, breakers, protection) for solar and battery::
CAPEX: 200-400 USD/kW-DC
Civil costs for solar and battery::
CAPEX: 200-400 USD/kW-DC
O&M costs for solar and battery::
OPEX: 2% TOTAL CAPEX/a
Distribution network::
OPEX: 2% of CAPEX/a
CAPEX: 200 USD/Household
Soft costs::
Project: 1500 USD/kW
Labour: 3000 USD/a
Land lease: 800 USD/a
Other NOT IMPLEMENTED Components (Sarah)¶
Soft costs::
Project lifetime: 20 a
Lifetime distribution grid: 40 a
Technical parameters¶
PV system¶
Storage¶
According to Parameters.xlsx from Sarah::
'storage_Crate': 1,
'storage_inflow_efficiency': 0.9,
'storage_outflow_efficiency': 0.9,
'storage_capacity_min': 0.2, # from DOD=0.8
Additional assumptions::
'storage_capacity_max': 1,
'storage_loss_timestep': 0,
Genset::
'genset_efficiency': 0.58,
'genset_min_loading': 0,
'genset_max_loading': 1,
what do I do with rotating mass=40%??
currently no variable efficiency of min = 30%, max =35%
Not used parameters::
'price_electricity_main_grid': 0.20,
'pcoupling_efficiency': 0.58,
Constraints::
'max_share_unsupplied_load': 0,
'costs_var_unsupplied_load': 10,
'min_res_share': 0,
'distance_to_grid': 10
- Sources:
NREL, 2018: [Tariff considerations for micro-grids in Sub-Saharan Africa](https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/69044.pdf)